The interpretation of Scripture is called hermeneutics. Our approach to
hermeneutics will always be influenced by our worldview, our own culture, and
the presuppositions we bring to the task.
The interpretations understood by Jewish rabbis like Jesus and Paul in the
first century were largely based on something called Midrash. The
basic principles of Midrash were listed in the original seven points,
called midoth, of Rabbi Hillel.1 Hillel is
regarded as the greatest of the Hebrew sages of the Second Temple period and was
the grandfather of Rabbi Gamaliel, the tutor of Paul, who defended the rights of
Jewish believers in the book of Acts.2
As the Gospel spread throughout the Greco-Roman world, the Church began to
lose sight of its Jewish roots. This, of course, proved increasingly
tragic for the Jews - the subsequent atrocities perpetuated throughout the
centuries in the name of Christ are virtually incomprehensible to the modern
Christian who hasn't done his homework.
But it was also tragic for the Church as it abandoned its Jewish heritage and
understanding. The increasing influence of the Greek worldview began to
redefine Biblical truth on the basis of the philosophies of Aristotle and Plato,
instead of the context that produced it.
Centuries later, the early Puritans recognized the limitations of Protestant
hermeneutics, as did the later Plymouth Brethren who sought a proper
understanding of Biblical typology. In the 19th century the Plymouth
Brethren tried to construct a model of Biblical interpretation that emphasized
typology from the viewpoint of Old Testament foreshadowings of the new
covenant. This may have been the closest that the predominantly Gentile
Church has ever come to returning to its Jewish roots in the area of
interpretation.
In a similar manner, early Methodism, realizing the failures of
Protestantism, attempted to restore mission to the Church, and the early
Pentecostals tried to restore the charismatic gifts in their attempt to return
to a New Testament Christianity. The Puritans John Robinson and John
Lightfoot were among the first to recognize the need to restore a Jewish
approach to Biblical interpretation along Midrashic lines with its sensitivities
to typological patterns.
Since that time, most Judeo-Christian scholarship has generally focused on
the Judaic background of the Gospels. This probably commenced with the
Jewish Christians such as Franz Delitzche and Alfred Edersheim. Today the
trend continues in the work of Arnold Fruchtenbaum, Yakov Prasch and
others. Such scholarship is vital.
Pattern, Not Just
Prediction
The western mind views prophecy merely as prediction and fulfillment.
The Jewish mind saw prophecy as a pattern being recapitulated, where a pattern
of events illuminates a thematic replay in the future. The "western"
(Gentile) misunderstandings are crucial in understanding the errors of
dominionism,3 restorationism, 4 and preterism,5 which continue
to confuse current eschatology (the study of "last things").
Among the illuminating warnings are the attribution by Matthew of the return
of Joseph, Mary and the infant Jesus from Egypt 6 to
the quote from Hosea.7 There is no rational way
to view the Hosea passage as Messianic in the traditional sense. The
academic overemphasis on context seems to break down when viewed too
narrowly. The answer is pattern, not just prediction. Matthew's
allusion to Jeremiah regarding Herod's murder of the babies in Bethlehem is
another example.8
The richness and understanding that accompanies the rediscovery of the
Midrashic hermeneutic is one of the most exciting aspects of studying the Old
Testament.
For whatsoever things were written aforetime were written for our
learning, that we through patience and comfort of the scriptures might have
hope. - Romans 15:4
Joseph as a Type
The life of the Messiah was prefigured by Joseph, the son of Jacob, in
Genesis.9
As Joseph was betrayed by his Jewish brothers into the hands of Gentiles and
God turned that betrayal around and made it the means for all Israel and all the
world to be saved, so too Jesus was betrayed by His Jewish brothers into Gentile
hands with the same - but more cosmic - result. Joseph was betrayed by his
brother Yehuda (Judah) for twenty pieces of silver. Jesus, the
son of Joseph, was also betrayed specifically by Yehuda (Judas) for
thirty pieces of silver.10
Joseph
and Jesus were both condemned with two criminals - one of whom lived while the
other died.11 Joseph was taken from a place of
condemnation to a place of exaltation - after a three-day interval - as was
Jesus in His resurrection.12 Upon his
exaltation, every knee bowed to Joseph as every knee shall one day bow to
Jesus.13
Upon his exaltation, Joseph took a Gentile bride - as does Jesus as the
Bridegroom. Joseph was not recognized by his Jewish brothers at his first
coming, but at the second they wept over him. Jesus was not recognized by
His Jewish brothers at His First Coming, but at the Second they, too, shall
weep.
Joseph was beloved of his father - as is Jesus. Joseph was despised for his
prophetic gift; Jesus was despised for who He claimed to be. Joseph was
falsely accused at an unfair trial, as was Jesus. Joseph's cloak was taken
as proof that he was no longer in the pit, as Jesus' burial cloak was taken as
proof that He was no longer in the tomb.
Coming Out of Egypt
Just as the descendants of Jacob ultimately come out of Egypt, Paul tells us
we, too, have come out of Egypt.14 Pharaoh,
worshiped as God by the Egyptians, becomes a metaphor for the Devil, the god of
this world. Just as Moses made a covenant using blood sprinkled on the
people, Jesus, a prophet like Moses, makes a new covenant in His blood covering
His people. Just as Moses led the children of Israel through the Red Sea,
Jesus leads us out of the world through baptism, etc.
The failure of Moses at Meribah in striking the rock the second time takes on
an additional significance: he was to strike on the first occasion, but not on
the second. Had he followed God's instructions more precisely it would
have anticipated the First and Second Comings of "the Rock that was
Christ."15
In the book of Revelation we see the same judgments against Egypt replayed in
the final judgments of God upon a sinful world. Just as Pharaoh's
magicians were able to counterfeit the miracles of Moses and Aaron, so the
Antichrist and the False Prophet will counterfeit the miracles of Jesus and His
witnesses.
The Song of Moses sung by Mirian in the Exodus narrative is sung again in
Revelation, where the destruction of Pharaoh and his army are seen as a type of
the judgment of Satan and his demon cohorts. Just as Joseph's bones were
brought out of Egypt, so the dead in Christ will rise first when we come out of
the world at Jesus' return.
The Exodus of Jesus from Egypt in Matthew's nativity narrative fits precisely
into the same pattern following the same theme. A wicked king is again
judged - this time Herod - and the Messiah comes out of Egypt where he had fled
in time of trouble. Here Jesus is pictured as the embodiment of Israel, in
much the same way as the Church is the Body of Christ.
Old Testament citations such as "Israel, My Glory" and "Israel, My Firstborn"
may now be understood for what they are: allusions to the Messiah.
Approaching Matthew's nativity story from this Jewish perspective, instead of
a western one, we can better understand how and why his words as found in the
text of Hosea 11:1 apply to Jesus upon the death of Herod.
A Caveat
A serious caveat regarding the Midrashic hermeneutic stems from the
misunderstanding and misuse of it by liberal theological writers. The
Midrash never uses typology or allegory as a basis for doctrine, only
as an illustration of it. Paul's Midrash on Sarah and Hagar in Galatians 16 and the Epistle to the Hebrews as a commentary on
Leviticus are two examples.
Thus, Enoch, who was translated before the flood, was "pre-flood" in his
eschatology, not post-flood or mid-flood! But we don't base our views on
this illustration alone.
It really is a grand adventure, isn't it?
* * *
I am deeply indebted to the personal tutoring of Yakov Prasch and his book,
The Final Words of Jesus, St. Matthew Publishing Ltd., Cambridge UK,
1999.
